HIGHDUCKS

Newspaper stripZS 3504

The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant

Elmer tricks the others into thinking there's a fight going on so he can go out with the girl.

First published
27 October 1935
Length
12 pages
Printed
196 times, in 19 countries
Also coded
01-05, 01-12, 11-03, 11-10, 11-17, 11-24, 12-01, 12-08, 12-15, 12-22, 12-29, zs35-10-27, zs35-10-27, zs35-11-03, zs35-11-03, zs35-11-10, zs35-11-10, zs35-11-17, zs35-11-17, zs35-11-24, zs35-11-24, zs35-12-01, zs35-12-01, zs35-12-08, zs35-12-08, zs35-12-15, zs35-12-15, zs35-12-22, zs35-12-22, zs35-12-29, zs35-12-29, zs3504, zs36-01-05, zs36-01-05, zs36-01-12, zs36-01-12

Credits

Plot
Ted Osborne
Script
Ted Osborne
Pencils
Al Taliaferro
Ink
Al Taliaferro

Characters

In bold: the story's lead.

Where it was printed

DateCountryIssueTitle
3 November 1935CubaDiario de la Marina 19351103Vida y aventuras de Trompita el elefante (part 1)
10 November 1935CubaDiario de la Marina 19351110The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 2)
17 November 1935CubaDiario de la Marina 19351117The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 3)
17 November 1935SwedenSvenska journalen 1935-46Jumbo i djungelbyn (part 1)
24 November 1935CubaDiario de la Marina 19351124The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 4)
24 November 1935SwedenSvenska journalen 1935-47Jumbo i djungelbyn (part 2)
1 December 1935CubaDiario de la Marina 19351201The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 5)
1 December 1935SwedenSvenska journalen 1935-48Jumbo i djungelbyn (part 3)
8 December 1935CubaDiario de la Marina 19351208The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 6)
8 December 1935SwedenSvenska journalen 1935-49Jumbo i djungelbyn (part 4)
15 December 1935CubaDiario de la Marina 19351215The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 7)
22 December 1935CubaDiario de la Marina 19351222The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 8)
22 December 1935SwedenSvenska journalen 1935-51Jumbo i djungelbyn (part 5)
29 December 1935CubaDiario de la Marina 19351229The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 9)
29 December 1935SwedenSvenska journalen 1935-52Jumbo i djungelbyn (part 6)
1935United StatesNewspapers 1935The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 1)
1935United StatesNewspapers 1935The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 2)
1935United StatesNewspapers 1935The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 3)
1935United StatesNewspapers 1935The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 4)
1935United StatesNewspapers 1935The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 5)
1935United StatesNewspapers 1935The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 6)
1935United StatesNewspapers 1935The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 7)
1935United StatesNewspapers 1935The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 8)
1935United StatesNewspapers 1935The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 9)
1935United StatesNewspapers 1935The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 10)
2 January 1936PortugalMickey Revista Infantil Ilustrada 7Vida e aventures do elefante Juos (part 1)
4 January 1936SpainMickey (Molino) 44Sinfonías Alegres Vida y Hazañas de Elefantín Trompeta (part 1)
5 January 1936CubaDiario de la Marina 19360105The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 10)
5 January 1936SwedenSvenska journalen 1936-01Jumbo i djungelbyn (part 7)
8 January 1936FinlandSeura 1936-02The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 1)
11 January 1936SpainMickey (Molino) 45Sinfonías Alegres Vida y Hazañas de Elefantín Trompeta (part 2)
12 January 1936PortugalMickey Revista Infantil Ilustrada 8The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 2)
12 January 1936SwedenSvenska journalen 1936-02Jumbo i djungelbyn (part 8)
15 January 1936FinlandSeura 1936-03The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 2)
18 January 1936SpainMickey (Molino) 46Sinfonías Alegres Vida y Hazañas de Elefantín Trompeta (part 3)
19 January 1936CubaDiario de la Marina 19360119The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 12)
19 January 1936PortugalMickey Revista Infantil Ilustrada 9The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 3)
19 January 1936SwedenSvenska journalen 1936-03Jumbo i djungelbyn (part 9)
22 January 1936FinlandSeura 1936-04The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 3)
23 January 1936PortugalMickey Revista Infantil Ilustrada 10The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 4)
25 January 1936SpainMickey (Molino) 47Sinfonías Alegres Vida y Hazañas de Elefantín Trompeta (part 4)
26 January 1936SwedenSvenska journalen 1936-04Jumbo i djungelbyn (part 10)
29 January 1936FinlandSeura 1936-05The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 4)
30 January 1936PortugalMickey Revista Infantil Ilustrada 11The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 5)
1 February 1936SpainMickey (Molino) 48Sinfonías Alegres Vida y Hazañas de Elefantín Trompeta (part 5)
2 February 1936SwedenSvenska journalen 1936-05Jumbo i djungelbyn (part 11)
5 February 1936FinlandSeura 1936-06The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 5)
6 February 1936PortugalMickey Revista Infantil Ilustrada 12The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 6)
8 February 1936SpainMickey (Molino) 49Sinfonías Alegres Vida y Hazañas de Elefantín Trompeta (part 6)
9 February 1936SwedenSvenska journalen 1936-06Jumbo i djungelbyn (part 12)
12 February 1936FinlandSeura 1936-07The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 6)
13 February 1936PortugalMickey Revista Infantil Ilustrada 13The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 7)
15 February 1936SpainMickey (Molino) 50Sinfonías Alegres Vida y Hazañas de Elefantín Trompeta (part 7)
15 February 1936United KingdomMickey Mouse Weekly 2The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 1)
19 February 1936FinlandSeura 1936-08The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 7)
20 February 1936PortugalMickey Revista Infantil Ilustrada 14The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 8)
22 February 1936SpainMickey (Molino) 51Sinfonías Alegres Vida y Hazañas de Elefantín Trompeta (part 8)
22 February 1936United KingdomMickey Mouse Weekly 3The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 2)
26 February 1936FinlandSeura 1936-09The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 8)
27 February 1936PortugalMickey Revista Infantil Ilustrada 15The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 9)
29 February 1936SpainMickey (Molino) 52Sinfonías Alegres Vida y Hazañas de Elefantín Trompeta (part 9)
29 February 1936United KingdomMickey Mouse Weekly 4The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 3)
4 March 1936FinlandSeura 1936-10The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 9)
5 March 1936PortugalMickey Revista Infantil Ilustrada 16The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 10)
7 March 1936SpainMickey (Molino) 53Sinfonías Alegres. Vida y hazañas de Elefantín Trompeta (part 10)
7 March 1936United KingdomMickey Mouse Weekly 5The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 4)
12 March 1936PortugalMickey Revista Infantil Ilustrada 17The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 11)
14 March 1936SpainMickey (Molino) 54Sinfonías Alegres. Vida y hazañas de Elefantín Trompeta (part 11)
14 March 1936United KingdomMickey Mouse Weekly 6The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 5)
19 March 1936ItalyI tre porcellini 52Fuffo elefantino - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 1)
19 March 1936PortugalMickey Revista Infantil Ilustrada 18The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 12)
21 March 1936SpainMickey (Molino) 55Sinfonías Alegres Vida y Hazañas de Elefantín Trompeta (part 12)
21 March 1936United KingdomMickey Mouse Weekly 7The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 6)
26 March 1936ItalyI tre porcellini 53Fuffo elefantino - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 2)
28 March 1936United KingdomMickey Mouse Weekly 8The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 7)
2 April 1936ItalyI tre porcellini 54Fuffo elefantino - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 3)
9 April 1936ItalyI tre porcellini 55Fuffo elefantino - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 4)
16 April 1936ItalyI tre porcellini 56Fuffo elefantino - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 5)
22 April 1936BrazilSuplemento Juvenil 211Sinfonia Singular - Aventuras do Elefante Bolinha (part 1)
23 April 1936ItalyI tre porcellini 57Fuffo elefantino nella foresta di Zanzibù - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 6)
29 April 1936BrazilSuplemento Juvenil 214Sinfonia Singular - Aventuras do Elefante Bolinha (part 2)
30 April 1936ItalyI tre porcellini 58Fuffo elefantino nella foresta di Zanzibù - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 7)
5 May 1936BrazilSuplemento Juvenil 217Sinfonia Singular - Aventuras do Elefante Bolinha (part 3)
7 May 1936ItalyI tre porcellini 59Fuffo elefantino nella foresta di Zanzibù - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 8)
12 May 1936BrazilSuplemento Juvenil 220Sinfonia Singular - Aventuras do Elefante Bolinha (part 4)
14 May 1936ItalyI tre porcellini 60Fuffo elefantino nella foresta di Zanzibù - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 9)
19 May 1936BrazilSuplemento Juvenil 223Sinfonia Singular - Aventuras do Elefante Bolinha (part 5)
21 May 1936ItalyI tre porcellini 61Fuffo elefantino nella foresta di Zanzibù - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 10)
26 May 1936BrazilSuplemento Juvenil 226Sinfonia Singular - Aventuras do Elefante Bolinha (part 6)
28 May 1936ItalyI tre porcellini 62Fuffo elefantino nella foresta di Zanzibù - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 11)
2 June 1936BrazilSuplemento Juvenil 229Sinfonia Singular - Aventuras do Elefante Bolinha (part 7)
4 June 1936ItalyI tre porcellini 63Fuffo elefantino nella foresta di Zanzibù - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 12)
7 June 1936FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre 86Les aventures de Fan Fan le petit éléphant (part 1)
9 June 1936BrazilSuplemento Juvenil 232Sinfonia Singular - Aventuras do Elefante Bolinha (part 8)
14 June 1936FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre 87Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 2)
16 June 1936BrazilSuplemento Juvenil 235Sinfonia Singular - Aventuras do Elefante Bolinha (part 9)
20 June 1936BrazilSuplemento Juvenil 237Sinfonia Singular - Aventuras do Elefante Bolinha (part 10)
21 June 1936FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre 88Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 3)
28 June 1936FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre 89Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 4)
5 July 1936FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre 90Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 5)
11 July 1936TurkeyGelincik 5The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 5)
12 July 1936FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre 91Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 6)
15 July 1936YugoslaviaМикијеве новине 11Живот и доживљаји Слончета Ћире
19 July 1936FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre 92Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 7)
26 July 1936FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre 93Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 8)
2 August 1936FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre 94Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 9)
9 August 1936FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre 95Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 10)
16 August 1936FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre 96Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 11)
23 August 1936FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre 97Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 12)
15 September 1936ItalyNel regno di Topolino 24Fuffo (part 1)
25 October 1936CanadaLe Petit Journal 361025Les aventures de Fanfan (part 6)
1 November 1936CanadaLe Petit Journal 361101Les aventures de Fanfan (part 7)
8 November 1936CanadaLe Petit Journal 361108Les aventures de Fanfan (part 8)
15 November 1936CanadaLe Petit Journal 361115Les aventures de Fanfan (part 9)
22 November 1936CanadaLe Petit Journal 361122Les aventures de Fanfan (part 10)
29 November 1936CanadaLe Petit Journal 361129Les aventures de Fanfan (part 11)
6 December 1936CanadaLe Petit Journal 361206Les aventures de Fanfan (part 12)
1936United StatesNewspapers 1936The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 11)
1936United StatesNewspapers 1936The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 12)
April 1937SwitzerlandMicky Maus Zeitung 7The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant
December 1937AustriaKiebitz 1937-24The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 11)
1937FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre (Albums) B 2Les aventures de Fan Fan le petit éléphant (part 1)
1937FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre (Albums) B 2Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 2)
1937FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre (Albums) B 2Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 3)
1937FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre (Albums) B 2Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 4)
1937FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre (Albums) B 2Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 5)
1937FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre (Albums) B 2Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 6)
1937FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre (Albums) B 2Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 7)
1937FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre (Albums) B 2Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 8)
1937FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre (Albums) B 2Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 9)
1937FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre (Albums) B 2Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 10)
1937FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre (Albums) B 2Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 11)
1937FranceLe Journal de Mickey avant-guerre (Albums) B 2Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 12)
31 October 1938BrazilSuplemento Juvenil - Edição Fim-de-Mez 3Vida e Aventuras do Elefante Bolinha
15 January 1939PolandGazetka Miki 5O słoniu Tomku (part 1)
22 January 1939PolandGazetka Miki 6O słoniu Tomku (part 2)
29 January 1939PolandGazetka Miki 7O słoniu Tomku (part 3)
5 February 1939PolandGazetka Miki 8O słoniu Tomku (part 4)
12 February 1939PolandGazetka Miki 9O słoniu Tomku (part 5)
19 February 1939PolandGazetka Miki 10O słoniu Tomku (part 6)
26 February 1939PolandGazetka Miki 11O słoniu Tomku (part 7)
5 March 1939PolandGazetka Miki 12O słoniu Tomku (part 8)
12 March 1939PolandGazetka Miki 13O słoniu Tomku (part 9)
19 March 1939PolandGazetka Miki 14O słoniu Tomku (part 10)
26 March 1939PolandGazetka Miki 15O słoniu Tomku (part 11)
2 April 1939PolandGazetka Miki 16O słoniu Tomku (part 12)
1942United KingdomDonald Duck Annual (Collins) 5The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant
1945SpainColección Walt Disney B 8El héroe
20 September 1952YugoslaviaПолитикин Забавник 38The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 1)
27 September 1952YugoslaviaПолитикин Забавник 39The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 2)
3 October 1952YugoslaviaПолитикин Забавник 40The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 3)
11 October 1952YugoslaviaПолитикин Забавник 41The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 4)
18 October 1952YugoslaviaПолитикин Забавник 42The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 5)
25 October 1952YugoslaviaПолитикин Забавник 43The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 6)
1 November 1952YugoslaviaПолитикин Забавник 44The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 7)
8 November 1952YugoslaviaПолитикин Забавник 45The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 8)
15 November 1952YugoslaviaПолитикин Забавник 46The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 9)
22 November 1952YugoslaviaПолитикин Забавник 47The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 10)
29 November 1952YugoslaviaПолитикин Забавник 48The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 11)
6 December 1952YugoslaviaПолитикин Забавник 49The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 12)
6 September 1953ItalyAlbi d'oro 53036Fuffo elefantino buffo
1 September 1974SpainGigantes Disney 18El elefante Elmer
10 August 1980ItalyTopolino (libretto) 1289Le avventure di Fuffo (part 1)
8 September 1983SpainDon Miki 361Las aventuras de Elmer
13 September 1985NetherlandsDonald Duck 1985-37Olaf de olifant (part 1)
20 September 1985NetherlandsDonald Duck 1985-38Olaf de olifant (part 2)
27 September 1985NetherlandsDonald Duck 1985-39Olaf de olifant (part 3)
4 October 1985NetherlandsDonald Duck 1985-40Olaf de olifant (part 4)
13 October 1986IndonesiaDonal Bebek 254Olaf Gajah kecil
20 October 1986ItalyGertie Daily 159The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 1)
1986ItalyCollana Special Mongo 26The life and adventures of Elmer Elephant! (part 1)
October 1987ItalyCartonatoni Disney 17La vita e le avventure dell'elefante Elmer
1987ItalyGertie Daily 160The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 11)
1987ItalyGertie Daily 160The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 11)
1987ItalyGertie Daily 160The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant (part 12)
June 1991FranceWinnie 69Elmer le petit éléphant
13 July 1991ItalyTopostrips 2Silly Simphony - La vita e le avventure di Elmer (part 1)
1996FinlandJättikirjat 1996Elmo Elefantti
24 October 1997FranceLa vie du collectionneur 196Les aventures de Fan Fan (part 10)
May 2001GermanyMicky Maus Reprint Kassette 10The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant
November 2004FranceCollection Magazine 12Les aventures de Fanfan (part 4)
8 February 2017United StatesSilly Symphonies: The Sunday Newspaper Comics 2The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant
12 December 2023United StatesWalt Disney's Silly Symphonies 2The Life and Adventures of Elmer Elephant
ItalyI tre porcellini - Ristampa Camillo Conti 52Fuffo elefantino - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 1)
ItalyI tre porcellini - Ristampa Camillo Conti 53Fuffo elefantino - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 2)
ItalyI tre porcellini - Ristampa Camillo Conti 54Fuffo elefantino - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 3)
ItalyI tre porcellini - Ristampa Camillo Conti 55Fuffo elefantino - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 4)
ItalyI tre porcellini - Ristampa Camillo Conti 56Fuffo elefantino - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 5)
ItalyI tre porcellini - Ristampa Camillo Conti 57Fuffo elefantino nella foresta di Zanzibù - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 6)
ItalyI tre porcellini - Ristampa Camillo Conti 58Fuffo elefantino nella foresta di Zanzibù - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 7)
ItalyI tre porcellini - Ristampa Camillo Conti 59Fuffo elefantino nella foresta di Zanzibù - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 8)
ItalyI tre porcellini - Ristampa Camillo Conti 60Fuffo elefantino nella foresta di Zanzibù - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 9)
ItalyI tre porcellini - Ristampa Camillo Conti 61Fuffo elefantino nella foresta di Zanzibù - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 10)
ItalyI tre porcellini - Ristampa Camillo Conti 62Fuffo elefantino nella foresta di Zanzibù - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 11)
ItalyI tre porcellini - Ristampa Camillo Conti 63Fuffo elefantino nella foresta di Zanzibù - sinfonia allegra di Walt Disney (part 12)
ItalyNel Regno di Topolino (ristampa Comic Art) 24Fuffo (part 1)

Other versions

Redrawn, cut, recoloured or relettered for a later printing.

  • at/KB1937-24b Story, 2 p., 3 tiers
  • br/SJ 211c Story, 1 p., -1 tiers
  • br/SJEFM 3p02 Story, 12 p., 3 tiers
  • ca/PJ 361025a Story, ½ p., 3 tiers
  • ch/MMZ 7p4b Story, ⅙ p., 6 tiers
  • cu/DM 19351103a Story, 2/5 p., 5 tiers
  • de/MMRK 10pp4b Story, ⅙ p., 6 tiers
  • es/CCWDB 8a Story, 8 p., 3 tiers
  • es/DM 361b Story, 24 p., 3 tiers
  • es/GD 18x Story, 28 p., 3 tiers
  • es/MMM 44a Story, ½ p., 6 tiers
  • es/MMM 47a Story, ½ p., 1 tiers
  • fi/M 1996p078 Story, 6 ½ p., 6 tiers
  • fr/JMAG 86aa Story, ½ p., 3 tiers
  • fr/VDC 196p009c Story, 1/12 p., 3 tiers
  • fr/W 69p32 Text story, 2 p., 1 tiers
  • id/DB 254f Story, 12 p., 4 tiers
  • it/AO 53036c Story, 16 p., 3 tiers
  • it/BIG 17et Story, 6 p., 6 tiers
  • it/CGD 159bc Story, 5 p., 6 tiers
  • it/CGD 160aa Cover, 1 tiers
  • it/CGD 160ag Story, 3/6 p., 6 tiers
  • it/ITP 52d Story, 1 p., 4 tiers
  • it/TL 1289f Story, 23 p., 3 tiers
  • nl/DD1985-37f Story, 3 p., 4 tiers
  • se/SJ1935-46a Story, ½ p., 4 tiers
  • se/SJ1935-48a Story, ½ p., 4 tiers
  • se/SJ1935-52a Story, ½ p., 4 tiers
  • se/SJ1936-01a Story, 4 tiers
  • se/SJ1936-03a Story, 4 tiers
  • uk/DDA 5p088 Story, 18 p., 3 tiers
  • us/ZZ1935k27S Newspaper strip, 1 p.
  • yu/PZBC 38b Story, ½ p., 3 tiers

Referred to by